Kazakhstan: Inflation Report - Q2 2017
Kazakhstan: Inflation Report - Q2 2017
Ard, Reserves, Rub, Sales
Ard, Reserves, Rub, Sales
Transcription
- Inflation Report The Second Quarter of 2017 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- 2 The Inflation Report is a quarterly publication of the National Bank which contains the analysis of key macroeconomic indicators affecting inflation as well as the forecast of macroeconomic parameters in the short‐ and medium‐term horizon. The Report is published in an electronic form on the official Internet‐resouce of the National Bank in the Kazakh, Russian and English languages. The forecast of macroeconomic indicators was prepared on the basis of statistical information as at 03.08.2017. Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017
- CONTENTS CONTENTS Summary....................................................................................................................................................... I. Macroeconomic Environment and the Financial Sector Development ................................................. 1. External Macroeconomic Environment ........................................................................................... 1.1 Situation in the Global Commodity Markets.......................................................................................... 1.1.1 Oli Market .......................................................................................................................................... 1.1.2 Non‐ferros Metals Market ….............................................................................................................. 1.1.3 Food Market………………. ..................................................................................................................... 1.2 Economic Situation in the USA and Fed’s Rate ..................................................................................... 1.3 Economic Situation in Countries‐Kazakhstan’s trading partners………… ............................................. 1.3.1 China .................................................................................................................................................. 1.3.2 European Union ............................................................................................................................ 1.3.3 Russia ................................................................................................................................................ 1.3.4 Aggregate External GDP and Inflation .............................................................................................. 2. Domestic Economy .......................................................................................................................... 2.1 Monetary Policy and the Financial Sector Development .................................................................. 2.1.1 Money Market and the NBK’s Operations ......................................................................................... 2.1.2 Foreign Exchange Market and the NBK’s Foreign Currency Operations. ........................................... 2.1.3 Deposit Market ............................................................................................................................ 2.1.4 Credit Market ............................................................................................................................... 2.1.5 Monetary Aggregates……………......................................................................................................... 2.2 Prices and Inflationary Processes ...................................................................................................... 2.2.1 Prices in the Consumer Sector ……….…………………………………………………………………………….……………….. 2.2.2 Prices in the Real and External Sector ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.2.3 Inflationary Expectations……………………………………………………………..…………………………………….………….. 2.3 Real Sector Development ............................................................................................................... 2.3.1 Domestic Demand ............................................................................................................................. 2.3.2 Domestic Production ........................................................................................................................ 2.3.3 Labor Market and Unemployment ................................................................................................... 2.4 Fiscal Policy .......................................................................................................................................... 2.5 Balance of Payments........................................................ ................................................................... II. Forecast of Key Macroeconomic Indicators and the Further Monetary Policy Guidelines .................................................................................................................................................. 1. Key Assumptions for External Forecast Parameters ............................................................................... 2. Forecast under the Baseline Scenario …………………………………………………………………………………….………….. 3. Risks in the Medium Term ............................................................................................................... Basic Terms and Definitions .................................................................................................................. List of Key Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….................. Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 4 6 6 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 15 17 17 18 19 19 19 20 21 22 22 25 28 29 31 34 34 35 37 39 42 3
- SUMMARY SUMMARY The annual inflation slowed down from 7.7% at the end of the first quarter to 7.5% and remained unchanged throughout the second quarter of 2017. The deceleration of inflation was constrained by a still high contribution of the food component. At the same time, core inflation indicators (excluding its volatile compionents) demonstrated the decline; thus, there was a downward trend in the most stable part of the consumer price index. In general, inflationary processes were evolving in the environment of a persistently stable level of inflationary expectations, further recovery of economic activity and consumer and investment demand, gradual revival of lending as well as in the environment of increasing uncertainty in foreign markets. The situation in the global commodity markets was characterized by the decline in oil quotations by the end of the second quarter against the growing output, with the oil price remaining at about USD 50 per barrel on average during the quarter. Apart from that, the global food price index was accelerating faster than it was expected as a consequence of the increased cost of dairy products and cereals. By the end of the quarter, pre‐requisites for tightening external monetary conditions had been realized. The external demand was supported by positive trends of the economic growth in trading partner countries; this, in its turn, caused the increase in the growth rates of the domestic export volumes. Deceleration of inflation in the Russian Federation from the beginning of the year resulted in the decreasing external inflationary background. The business activity in the country continued recovering, and the real GDP growth accelerated. The growth in production was recorded in key sectors of the industry due to the increased extraction of raw materials, in agriculture, and in the service sector. The investment activity keeps growing with a view to modernize the production. In the second quarter, the rates of retail sales kept growing. In this environment, a negative output gap was gradually shrinking thus reflecting the decreasing deflationary pressure of the real sector. However, a negative pattern of real cash income of the population against the growing labor productivity limits inflationary risks associated with the consumer demand. A gradual recovery of lending activity, specifically the reviving consumer lending, supports the consumer demand. In general, monetary conditions remain neutral. In the second quarter, there was still a structural liquidity surplus in the money market. As a consequence, the TONIA index was at a lower boundary of the interest rate band. The National Bank continues to withdraw excess liquidity mainly via its short‐term notes. In June 2017, the National Bank made a decision to lower its base rate to 10.5%. In August, the base rate was lowered by 0.25 pp and made up 10.25%. The baseline scenario parameters are still maintained at USD 50 per barrel, given stable expectations regarding the commodity market. The external demand is expected to recover further due to positive growth rates in trading partner countries. However, assumptions regarding the external inflationary background deteriorated in connection with anticipated acceleration of inflation in the Russian Federation as well as with the increased world food prices. Under the baseline scenario, the economy’s real growth rates for 2017‐2018 were revised. Estimates regarding the economic growth in 2017 became more positive – at 3.1%. Given a higher base in 2018, the economy’s growth rates are expected to be at 3%. During the second half of 2017, the annual inflation will be closer to the upper boundary of the target band being driven by the effect of shocks of supply in the food markets. In the medium term, inflation will be within its target band owing to a stable situation in the commodity markets, given that the real effective exchange rate is close to its equilibrium, a weakly positive output gap against the decreased Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 4
- SUMMARY income of the population as well as the decreasing inflationary expectations. Declining oil prices, depreciation of the tenge and growing inflationary expectations still represent key risks for the inflation forecast. The scenario with the oil price at USD 40 per barrel, which was considered together with the baseline scenario, assumes the possibility of inflation going beyond the target band in 2017 and being at the upper boundary of the target band in 2018. The forecast for the economic growth rates in 2017 is more moderate. Under this scenario, a more constraining monetary policy may be implemented. Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 5
- I . MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT I. MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 1. EXTERNAL MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 1.1 Situation in the Global Commodity Markets 1.1.1 Oil Market In the second quarter of 2017, the average Figure 1. Price of Oil (Brent), USD per Barrel, price of oil (Brent) had been at USD 49.7 per Monthly Average barrel (Figure 1). As compared to the previous 70 quarter, the price declined by 7.5% and grew by 9.1% as compared to the corresponding quarter 60 of 2016. 50 The decline in price was caused by the surplus in the oil market due to outstripping 40 rates of its supply, thus resulting in dislocation of the market balance that was observed a 30 quarter before (Figure 2). 20 Annual rates of growth in volumes of oil 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 consumption in the world accelerated as 2015 2016 2017 compared to the previous quarter (1.4% versus Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) 1.0%). The main contribution to acceleration of rates of oil consumption in the world was made Figure 2. Demand and Supply in the Global Oil by the USA where the demand for energy Market, Million Barrels a Day resources was increasing given the increased Surplus/deficit (right axis) business activity. However, a positive growth in Supply in the oil market 99 Demand in the oil market the demand for crude hydrocarbons on the part 6 of India which cut its oil consumption 5 98 4 significantly in the previous quarter served as a 97 positive factor that encouraged growth in oil 3 96 consumption volumes globally. Japan continues 2 95 to make a negative contribution to the global 1 demand in the oil market. China’s positive 0 94 contribution had been the smallest over the ‐1 93 recent years (Figure 3). 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q The growth in the global oil production 2015 2016 2017 stemmed from a dramatic and strong Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) acceleration of annual rates of growth in the supply of crude materials on the part of countries outside of OPEC. However, a negative contribution on the part of OPEC member countries increased as compared to the previous quarter (Figure 4). The main source for the increased growth rates of oil production in countries outside of OPEC was the acceleration of annual growth rates of extraction in Canada, USA, Europe and Latin America. The increased growth rates of oil supply in Canada are explained by a low base of the previous year when Canadian oil companies Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 6
- I . MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT were forced to cut their production volumes because of heavy woods fires. Starting from the third quarter of 2016, oil extraction volumes were restored in Canada. The growth of oil extraction in the USA was the result of the increased world prices of oil in the first quarter of 2017, which allowed the US oil companies resuming production of crude materials in the shale oil fields. Russia and other countries outside of OPEC that had signed the agreement on reduction of oil production with OPEC member countries had not made any significant positive influence on the growth rates of oil production in the world while strictly adhering to the terms of the Agreement. Oil extraction in OPEC member countries decreased in terms of volume versus the corresponding quarter of the last year. Production output of energy resources in such OPEC member countries as Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Qatar and others continued to decline within the scope of the Algerian Agreement which was extended till April 1, 2018. Venezuela, where volumes of oil extraction have been declining six quarters in a row amidst the political and socio‐economic crisis, has a constraining effect on the growth of oil production in OPEC member countries. Nonetheless, Libya and Nigeria which were excluded from the Algerian Agreement continued to make a positive contribution to oil production in OPEC member countries in the second quarter of 2017. A further demand and supply pattern in the global oil market will be related to actions taken by countries within the framework of the Algerian Agreement as well as to the situation in the US shale oil market where the production output continued to recover against the growth in world oil prices. 1.1.2 Non‐Ferrous Metals Market In April‐June 2017, the metals market was demonstrating a divergent quarterly pattern. At the beginning of the second quarter, prices of copper, lead and zinc showed a decline but recovered to the levels of the end of the first Figure 3. Global Oil Consumption and Contribution by Countries, YoY India China Europe Other countries Japan Russia USA Consumption growth rate % 3,3 2,8 2,3 1,8 1,3 0,8 0,3 ‐0,2 ‐0,7 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2015 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2016 2 Q 2017 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Figure 4. Global Oil Production, YoY 4 Contribution by OPEC countries Contribution by countries outside of OPEC Growth rate of global oil production % 3 2 1 0 ‐1 ‐2 2 Q 3 Q 2015 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 2016 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q 2017 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 7
- I . MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT quarter of 2017 by the end of the period (Figure 5). Recovery of copper prices is associated with more significant macroeconomic indicators in China as opposed to the market expectations, GDP in particular. At the same time, the growth in copper quotations in the second quarter was supported by a reduction in export supplies from Chile and Peru as well as by depreciation of the US Dollar against currencies of developing countries. Prices of lead are growing in connection with a positive outlook regarding the industrial production in China as well as due to reduction of world reserves of raw commodities in warehouses. Prices of zinc, after their minor decline, continue to grow because of reduction in reserves given the declining global production caused by the shutdown of a major portion of mines. In the reviewed period, the price of aluminum was declining since the Chinese authorities tightened their requirements to producers as well as in connection with a further implementation of the government pollution mitigation program in the country. 1.1.3 Food Market In June 2017 as compared to March, the FAO Index increased by 2.4%. Prices of sugar and vegetable oils are declining. In the reviewed period, prices of meat, dairy products and cereals demonstrated growth (Figure 6). Prices of sugar are declining under the influence of positive view of the market regarding the sugar crops in connection with favorable weather conditions in Brazil, Thailand and India. Prices of vegetable oils are going down given the declining price of palm oil. The reason for a low price of palm oil stems from reduction in the import demand coupled with anticipated seasonal growth in supply from the South‐East Asia in light of heavy crops. Reduction in international stocks as well as an existing export supply against a dramatic Figure 5. Price Index of Copper, Aluminum, Zinc and Lead (January 2015=100 %) % 140 Weighted average Aluminum Copper Zinc Lead 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 2016 2017 Source: NBRK’s calculations based on data from Bloomberg Figure 6. FAO Price Index (2002‐2014 =100 pp) FAO Meat Cereals Dairy products Vegetable oils Sugar pp 315 300 285 270 255 240 225 210 195 180 165 150 135 120 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 2015 2016 2017 Source: UN FAO Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 8
- I . MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT increase in foreign purchases on the part of Asian countries caused a continuing growth in prices of dairy products. Prices of meat products are increasing under the impact of the growing prices of lamb in connection with the reduced export supplies in the Oceania. A significant growth in the import demand puts an additional pressure on the growth in prices of meat products, lamb in particular. The cereal price index demonstrated growth which is associated with the shocks of weather conditions in the USA where harvest prospects for high‐protein wheat have deteriorated because of the draught. At the same time, the growth in prices of cereals is supported by the increased demand for rice in the Middle East. 1.2 Economic Situation in the USA and the Fed’s Rate According to the data of initial assessment by the US Bureau of Economic Analysis, the GDP Figure 7. US Economic Performance growth in the USA based on performance in the GDP growth, YoY Inflation, YoY Unemployment second quarter of 2017 slightly accelerated to % 5,5 2.1% (Figure 7), being in line with the market 5,0 4,5 expectations. 4,0 The increase in the real GDP growth rates 3,5 occurred owing to the accelerated growth in 3,0 2,5 personal spending on final consumption (in 2,0 connection with a steadily decreasing 1,5 1,0 unemployment rate and deferred tax refunds to 0,5 the population) as well as the growing 0,0 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q investments in the equipment and the 2016 2017 government spending. The decreasing private Sources: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S. investments in residential construction and a Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) slowdown in exports appeared to be the constraining factors for the growth. The annual inflation diverged from the target of 2% and in June slowed down to 1.4% (Figure 7). The decline in prices of gasoline, transport vehicles and communication services were conductive to such deceleration. The factors which supported inflation included the increased cost of rental housing, transport services, education and medical services. The US economy continues to function in the environment close to the full employment. Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 9
- I . MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT According to the data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, in June 2017 the unemployment rate in the USA decreased to 4.4% as compared to 4.5% in March 2017. The highest employment growth was noted in such sectors as healthcare, social care, financial activities and in the mining industry. The growth in hourly salaries and wages has steadily been Figure 8. US Rates above the inflation rate and in June 2017 it % Policy rate band Effective federal funds rate accounted for 2.5%, which is reflective of 1,4 competition for the qualified working force 1,2 among employers. 1 As a result, a steady economic growth and 0,8 positive trends in the labor market were the 0,6 reason for increasing the US Fed’s policy rate 0,4 band by 25 basis points in June 2017 to 1%‐ 1.25% (Figure 8). Moreover, the Federal Open 0,2 Market Committee announced about its plans 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 to gradually reduce the portfolio of government 2016 2017 and mortgage bonds on its balance sheet1 in the Source: Reuters nearest future. However, the discernible deceleration of inflation may serve as an obstacle for a further tightening of the monetary policy. 1.3 Economic Situation in Countries – Kazakhstan’s Trading Partners 1.3.1 China In the second quarter of 2017, the China’s Figure 9. China’s Real GDP Growth, YoY annual GDP growth as compared to the % previous quarter had not changed and 7,0 accounted for 6.9% (Figure 9). In the reviewed period, the economic growth in China was 6,9 positively influenced by acceleration of the 6,8 global trade, the continued implementation of the government stimulus measures 6,7 (investments into the infrastructure and a 6,6 further slashing of business rates) as well as active lending to residential construction. 6,5 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q Meantime, given the Government’s goal to 2016 2017 ensure the GDP growth of 6.5% in 2017 and a solid growth of the economy in the first half of Source: Bloomberg the year, some slacking of the growth with a view to decrease arrears of state‐owned companies, curb the growth of mortgage lending and reduce systemic risks in the 1 Initially, the balance sheet is expected to be cut by USD 10 bln. and every quarter the curtailment will be increasing by the same amount until it reaches USD 50 bln. Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 10
- I . MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT financial sphere should be anticipated. A possible deterioration of trade relations with the USA in the environment of President Trump’s protectionist policy as well as deceleration of the EU’s economy in connection with Brexit still represent external risk factors. The annual inflation, after its deceleration in March 2017 to 0.9%, accelerated to 1.5% in June (Figure 10). There is a steady growth in prices of a wide range of services and household items, thus reflecting the growth in the domestic consumption. However, prices of food, first of all, of vegetables and pork meat, are declining. In general, consumer prices will be further demonstrating a moderate growth being impacted by a gradual exhaustion of the effect of declining food prices and the continuing increase in prices of services. However, the neutral monetary policy as well as the slowing price growth in the industry (from 7.6% in March 2017 to 5.5% in June 2017) may act as constraining factors for the inflation growth. In the second quarter of 2017, the People’s Bank of China was pursuing a generally neutral monetary policy, while retaining its policy rate at the existing level (Figure 11). However, given that short‐term and medium‐term borrowing rates increased in the previous quarter as well as due to the tightened regulation of interbank operations, interbank borrowing rates increased. So, the average monthly value of the SHIBOR daily rate increased from 2.49% in March 2017 to 2.78% in June. The average monthly exchange rate of the Yuan against the US Dollar had gradually appreciated from CNY 6.8935 in March to CNY 6.8068 per USD in June (Figure 12). The main reasons for appreciation were the increased money market rates, an overall depreciation of the US Dollar as well as the countercyclical adjustment ratio which was included in the pricing formula in May and which enables the People’s Bank of China to curb a speculative pressure on the exchange rate and to better reflect the behavior of fundamental factors. Figure 10. Inflation in China, YoY % 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 2016 2017 Source: National Bureau of Statistics of China Figure 11. Interest Rates in China % 5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 Interbank rate PBC's policy rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 2016 2017 Source: Reuters Figure 12. USD/CNY Exchange Rate, a Monthly Average 7,00 CNY/USD 6,90 6,80 6,70 6,60 6,50 6,40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 2016 2017 Source: Reuters Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 11
- I . MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 1.3.2 European Union According to an initial assessment of the Eurostat, the annual growth in the European Union’s GDP in the second quarter of 2017 accelerated by 0.2 pp versus the previous quarter and accounted for 2.3% (Figure 13). The accelerated growth was noted in all key EU countries except the UK. The main growth sources still include the consumer and investment demand supported by favorable lending terms and the decreasing unemployment. Risk factors of the economic slowdown in the EU shall include a possible acceleration of the growth in imports against the appreciated Euro as well as a high government debt and the percentage of non‐ performing loans in assets of the banking sector in some countries (Greece, Italy, Spain, and Ireland). The inflation pattern in the EU is still determined by the behavior of energy prices. So, the annual rate of inflation in April as compared to March 2017 increased from 1.6% to 2.0% under the impact of a temporary surge in prices of services, and it fell to 1.4% by June due to the slowing rate of growth in prices of gasoline (Figure 14). The rate of headline inflation which excludes the energy component was slightly above 1% and was determined by a low growth rate of real disposable income per capita because of a high rate of unemployment. Since inflation was quite below the target of 2%, the ECB left key money market rates unchanged (Figure 15). Also, the regulator confirmed that it is going to implement the asset purchase program (EUR 60 bln. every month) further till the end of 2017, with the possibility of its extension, if a steady inflation trend will not be in line with the goals. Over the reviewed period, the Euro has appreciated from USD 1.0686 per EUR on average in March 2017 to USD 1.1236 США per EUR on average in June 2017 (Figure 16). The main reasons for such appreciation were the overall depreciation of the US Dollar due to a possibility that the US Fed’s policy rate will be increasing at a slower pace given the Figure 13. EU’s Real GDP Growth Rate, YoY % 2,4 2,3 2,2 2,1 2,0 1,9 1,8 1,7 1,6 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2016 2 Q 2017 Source: Eurostat Figure 14. Inflation in the EU, YoY % 2,0 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 ‐0,2 ‐0,4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 2016 2017 Source: Eurostat Figure 15. ECB’s Rates Refinancing rate Loan rate Deposit rate % 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 ‐0,1 ‐0,2 ‐0,3 ‐0,4 ‐0,5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 2016 2017 Source: Reuters Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 12
- I . MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT decelerating inflation and a sluggish Figure 16. USD/Euro Rate, a Monthly Average implementation of Trump’s reforms as well as USD/EUR the statement by the ECB’s Governor regarding a notable mitigation of the deflation risk in the 1,14 Euro zone that signaled the market about a 1,12 possible reduction in the ECB’s monetary stimuli 1,10 already next year. Nonetheless, the uncertainty associated with actual implementation of Brexit 1,08 as well as US sanctions against Russia that may 1,06 bear upon the energy safety of Europe represent the risks for a possible depreciation 1,04 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 of the Euro. 2016 2017 Source Reuters 1.3.3 Russia According to the initial assessment by the Rosstat, in the second quarter of 2017 the growth of the Russian economy accelerated significantly and accounted for 2.5% in annual terms as compared to 0.5% in the previous quarter (Figure 17). Along with that, the growth in extraction of mineral resources, in the manufacturing industry and transport as well as the slowing drop off in retail sales acted as positive factors. Also, a gradual recovery of the consumer and investment demand serves as the source for GDP. A possible unfavorable behavior of oil prices as well as the US tightened sanctions in the energy sphere should be referred to the risk factors that slacken the economic growth further. In April‐May 2017, the annual inflation in Russia reached 4.1%; however, it increased dramatically to 4.4% in June (Figure 18). Such change in the annual inflation pattern was caused by a surge in prices of fruit and vegetable production because of a cold spring in Russia that led to a late planting of vegetables, as well as by depreciation of the ruble. In the environment of decelerating inflation and inflationary expectations which were observed from the beginning of the year, during the quarter the Bank of Russia lowered its key rate from 9.75% to 9% (Figure 19). Nonetheless, the possibility that the ruble would keep depreciating, a further negative impact of the Figure 17. Russia’s Real GDP Growth, YoY 3 % 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 ‐0,5 ‐1 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 2016 1 Q 2 Q 2017 Source: Rosstat Figure 18. Inflation in Russia, YoY % 10 9,5 9 8,5 8 7,5 7 6,5 6 5,5 5 4,5 4 3,5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 2016 2017 Source: Reuters Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 13
- I . MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT shock of vegetables supply, both on the inflation and inflationary expectations, as well as recovery of the consumer demand work as risk factors for escalation of inflation. The exchange rate of the Russian ruble against the US Dollar showed a divergent behavior (Figure 20). So, in April the average monthly exchange rate of the ruble appreciated versus March 2017 by 2.4%, and depreciated by 2.8% during the quarter as a whole, with the exchange rate being at g RUB 58.07 per US Dollar. Such turnaround in the exchange rate behavior was furthered by a high volatility of world oil prices, reduction of interest rate differentials between Russia and USA, a possibility that the USA will tighten its sanctions against the Russian energy sector, as well as by the internal factor of growth in imports given the recovering demand of the business and the population. In future, these factors will be having a significant impact on pricing of the Russian currency. Figure 19. Rates in Russia % CBR's key rate 11,5 RUONIA 11,0 10,5 10,0 9,5 9,0 8,5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 2016 2017 Source: Reuters Figure 20. RUB/USD Exchange Rate, a Monthly Average rubles 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 2016 2017 Source: Reuters 1.3.4 Aggregate External GDP and Inflation Aggregate external GDP which is calculated Figure 21. External Weighted GDP , YoY on the basis of the data about Kazakhstan’s Russia's GDP input EU's GDP input % international trading structure and is China's GDP input Weighted GDP 3,5 characterizing the demand for Kazakhstani 3,0 exports had increased by 43 basis points in the 2,5 reviewed period (Figure 21). This was driven by 2,0 a significant growth of the Russian economy 1,5 1,0 and sustainable rates of GDP growth in the EU 0,5 and China. 0,0 Aggregate external consumer price index ‐0,5 which is calculated based on the share of main ‐1,0 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q trading partners in Kazakhstan’s imports 2016 2017 demonstrated a decline of 31 basis points (Figure 22). Such decline is caused by the fact Source: NBRK’s calculations that the annual inflation in Russia was close to Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 14
- I . MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT its target level throughout the second quarter Figure 22. External Weighted CPI, YoY of 2017, as well as by moderate inflation in China's CPI input Russia's CPI input China and in the EU. Thus, the decline in the % EU's CPI input Weighted CPI indicator speaks for a persisting trend of the 5 weakening of external inflationary pressure on 4 consumer prices in Kazakhstan. 3 2 1 0 ‐1 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 2016 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q 2017 Source: NBRK’s calculations Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 15
- I . MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 29.06.17 18.06.17 07.06.17 27.05.17 16.05.17 05.05.17 24.04.17 13.04.17 02.04.17 22.03.17 11.03.17 28.02.17 17.02.17 06.02.17 26.01.17 15.01.17 04.01.17 04.01.17 12.01.17 20.01.17 30.01.17 07.02.17 15.02.17 23.02.17 03.03.17 14.03.17 27.03.17 04.04.17 12.04.17 20.04.17 28.04.17 11.05.17 19.05.17 29.05.17 06.06.17 14.06.17 22.06.17 30.06.17 2. DOMESTIC ECONOMY 2.1 Monetary Policy and the Financial Sector Development 2.1.1 Money Market and Operations of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan In the second quarter of 2017, the money market continued to function in the Figure 23. NBRK’s Operations in the Domestic environment of structural liquidity surplus of Market (exposure, KZT bln.) Cross‐currency interest rate swap with IFIs the tenge. Hence, the volumes of the National Bank loans Cross‐currency interest rate swap with banks FX swap on the KASE Bank’s operations made to withdraw excess Direct repo Reverse repo liquidity preserved their growing trend. As Deposits Notes ‐4 500 before, the bulk of liquidity was withdrawn via NBRK's credit auctions* Balance ‐3 500 the National Bank’s short‐term notes with maturities of 7, 28, 91, 182 and 364 days. In ‐2 500 doing so, a minor growth in a negative balance ‐1 500 on the National Bank’s operations is primarily ‐500 related to the growth in FX swaps made on the 500 1 500 stock exchange that were conducted to prevent arbitrage between the swap and repo markets. In addition, as part of its bank support * NBRK’s securities buy/sell back auction measures, the National Bank increased the Source: NBRK volume of short‐term loans provided to banks Figure 24. Base Rate and TONIA Rate (Figure 23). Base rate Standing facility operations for withdrawal of liquidity Given that the inflation rate has been Standing facility operations for provision of liquidity stabilizing within its target band as well as given TONIA the decreasing inflationary expectations, the 13% National Bank continued to ease its monetary terms by lowering the base rate level. So, on 12% June 5, 2017 the base rate was lowered from 11% 11% to 10.5% while preserving the band of +/‐ 10% 1%. 9% Throughout the quarter, the TONIA rate was mainly at about the lower boundary of the interest rate band (Figure 24). The Money Market Index was fluctuating Source: NBRK, KASE within 9.16‐11.60%. The weighted average MMI Figure 25. Changes in the MMI and the Volume was 9.95% (in the first quarter of 2017 – of Transactions (KZT bln., right axis) 10.30%). The major share of transactions in the Repo market Swap market MM Index, % pa market fell on repos (Figure 25). 12 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 12 11 11 10 10 Source: KASE Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 28.06.17 17.06.17 06.06.17 26.05.17 15.05.17 04.05.17 23.04.17 12.04.17 01.04.17 9 16
- I . MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 01.10.16 11.10.16 21.10.16 31.10.16 10.11.16 20.11.16 30.11.16 10.12.16 20.12.16 30.12.16 09.01.17 19.01.17 29.01.17 08.02.17 18.02.17 28.02.17 10.03.17 20.03.17 30.03.17 09.04.17 19.04.17 29.04.17 09.05.17 19.05.17 29.05.17 08.06.17 18.06.17 28.06.17 2.1.2 FX Market and FX Operations of the National Bank The situation in the FX market was Figure 26. Exchange Rate dynamics and the characterized by divergent fluctuations of the Trading Volume in the FX Market tenge exchange rate. World oil prices and mln.US dollars Trading volume tenge per US dollar (right scale) changes in the exchange rate of the ruble 350 345 affected behavior of the tenge. 300 340 The tenge was fluctuating against the US 250 335 Dollar within the range of 310.40‐327.63. at the 200 330 end of the quarter, and the official exchange 150 325 rate of the tenge against the US Dollar 100 320 depreciated from 313.73 to 322.27 or by 2.7% 50 315 (Figure 26). 0 310 In the reviewed period, volumes of on‐ exchange and over‐the‐counter trades in the USD/KZT/ currency pair increased by +34.3% Source: KASE and 10.7%, respectively. During April, May and the most of June, the National Bank’s participation in the domestic FX market was equal to zero. However, in June, in order to limit the increasing volatility of the tenge in the domestic FX market that was not driven by fundamental factors but was induced solely by the mood of panic among the market participants, on June 21 and 22 the National Bank made interventions by selling foreign currency worth USD 101 mln. FX interventions were made in the periods of peak demand for foreign currency. 2.1.3 Deposit Market A stable situation in the domestic foreign exchange market and remaining attractiveness of the domestic currency deposits continued having a positive influence on the growth in the volume of the tenge deposits. During the second quarter of 2017, deposits in the domestic currency increased by 1.8%, and deposits in foreign currency increased by 0.7%. As a result, the volume of the tenge deposits exceeded that of foreign currency deposits and at the end of June the dollarization of deposits accounted for 49.5% (49.8% in the first quarter of 2017). During the second quarter, foreign currency deposits of corporate entities increased by 3.3%, against the 4.0% reduction in the tenge Figure 27. Volumes and Interest Rates on deposits; this resulted in the growth of the Deposits in the Tenge and in Foreign Currency Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 17
- 18 I . MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT percentage of foreign currency deposits of corporate entities from 43.6% in March 2017 to 45.5% in June 2017. The foreign currency structure of retail deposits shows the decreased dollarization of deposits – from 58.0% to 54.7% during the same period as a result of the 2.0% reduction in foreign currency deposits and the 12.3% increase in the tenge deposits. The weighted average interest rate on deposits attracted in the domestic currency decreased from 9.7% in March 2017 to 8.5% at end‐June, and the weighted average interest rate on foreign currency deposits increased from 1.9% to 2.0% (Figure 27). 2.1.4 Credit Market In the second quarter of 2017, the credit market showed the increase in lending volumes. Over the quarter, the lending volume had increased by 1.6% (Figure 28). The increase in medium‐ and long‐term loans in the domestic currency (by 4.3%) was conductive to the increase in lending volumes. New loans increased by 20.4% as compared to the previous quarter. As per the currency structure, credits in the domestic currency continue to grow (by 3.4%) and rates of lending in foreign currency are decreasing (by 2.7%). Credits to the population served as a driver for the growth of the bank loan portfolios in the second quarter (the growth of 4.3% as compared to the previous quarter), especially consumer loans (the 5.3% growth). Growth in credits to corporate entities turned positive (by 0.3% from ‐2.3% in the previous quarter). As per the industry‐based breakdown, the “Others” sector which includes a non‐ production sphere and individual entrepreneurship made a significant contribution to the growth of the lending portfolio. This sector is followed by the agricultural sector, transport, and construction. A negative contribution was made by credits to the trade sector and the industry (Figure 29). In the second quarter of 2017, the weighted average interest rate on loans in the In foreign currency In the domestic currency Av.weighted % on KZT deposits (right axis) Av.weighted % on FX deposits (right axis) USD mln. % 20000 30 16000 25 20 12000 15 8000 10 4000 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 2016 2017 Source: NBRK Figure 28. Volumes and Rates on Loans KZT bln. Credits volume (at end‐period) Weighted average % on provided loans (right axis) % 21 12 000 18 15 10 000 12 9 8 000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 2016 2017 Source: NBRK Figure 29. Contribution to Growth Rates of Lending by Sectors, quarter versus the previous quarter, % Industry Transport Other sectors Agriculture Communication Credits Construction Trade 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 ‐1,0 ‐2,0 1 Q 2 Q 3 Q 2016 4 Q 1 Q 2 Q 2017 Source: NBRK Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017
- I . MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT domestic currency remained virtually unchanged – at 14.6% (in the first quarter – 14.5%). At the same time, interest rates on credits in the domestic currency provided to corporate entities slightly decreased to 13.8% from 14.0% in the first quarter of 2017. 2.1.5 Monetary Aggregates In the second quarter, the annual growth rate in the money supply remained at the level of the first quarter and accounted for 7.0% (Figure 30). During April‐June, the money supply increased by 2.1%, the reserve money slightly contracted by 0.5%, and cash in circulation increased by 11.3%. The main positive contribution to the formation of money supply in annual terms was made by the growth in other net domestic assets that was associated with the foreign currency revaluation. A negative contribution to the formation of money supply was made by the decreased claims on the general government as a result of transfer of the “Problem Loan Fund” JSC from the National Bank to the Government (Figure 31). A positive contribution to the behavior of the reserve money was made by other net domestic assets and due from banks. Despite the annual growth of 41.8% in short‐term notes from banks, due from banks increased by 27.0% as a result of increase in loans to banks. A constraining impact on the behavior of the reserve money was made by net international reserves and net claims on the Central Government. 2.2 Prices and Inflationary Processes 2.2.1 Prices in the Consumer Sector In April, the annual inflation accounted for 7.5%, having decelerated from 7.7% over the month, being driven by a downward trend in the non‐food inflation rates. At the same time, depreciation of the tenge, revival of the domestic demand as well as negative impact of supply factors in the market of certain foodstuffs constrained a further deceleration of inflation rates during the second quarter. In 19 Figure 30. Growth in Monetary Aggregates, YoY Reserve money % 60 Money supply Cash in circulation 50 40 30 15,7 20 10 7,0 0 5,7 ‐10 ‐20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 2016 2017 Source: NBRK Figure 31. Dynamics of Contributions to the Formation of Money Supply, YoY Net foreign assets Net claims on the general government Claims on the economy Other net assets Tenge account of the NOF Money supply (М3) % 40 20 0 ‐20 ‐40 1 3 5 7 2015 9 11 1 3 5 7 2016 9 11 1 3 2017 Source: NBRK Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 5
- 20 I . MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT May‐June, the annual inflation remained unchanged (Figure 32). Core inflation indicators cleaned of the impact of volatile components demonstrated a decline from 7.7% to 6.8% and fell below the headline inflation rate. The contribution of food inflation excluding fruit and vegetable production decreased and there were unusually high seasonal price fluctuations in the fruit and vegetable market (Figure 33). The contribution to inflation by such categories as bread and bakery and cereals, vegetable oils and fats decreased considerably. Prices of these commodities were declining throughout the quarter being influenced by the growth of production and larger stocks of grain and oil seeds. As a result, growth rates of the food inflation in annual terms excluding fruits and vegetables decreased from 9.7% to 8.4%. The contribution made by the fruit and vegetable production to the food inflation had increased from 0.6 to 1 pp over the quarter. Non‐food inflation slowed down from 8.5% to 7.7%, and the cost of paid services in June 2017 increased by 4.8% (March – 4.7%) in annual terms. Contribution made by paid services to the annual inflation slightly increased due to the increased contribution to inflation by regulated services. Price growth rates of non‐regulated services decreased given the slowing rates of growth in prices of transport services and out‐patient services. 2.2.2 Prices in the Real and External Sector Producer prices decreased in annual terms from 26.7% in March to 9.6% in June 2017, mainly due to the decelerating price growth rates of production in the mining industry (Figure 34). The price growth rates of products supplied to the Kazakh market decreased from 19.5% in March to 14.2% in June 2017. The price growth rates of products realized in the domestic market were observed in the mining industry, namely in the production of crude oil and extraction of metal ores. The price growth rates of products in the manufacturing Figure 32. Annual and Core Inflation Dynamics, YoY Inflation Core inflation 18 16 14 12 10 target band целевой коридор 8 6 7,5 6,8 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 2016 2017 Source: CS MNE RK * excluding prices of fruits and vegetables, utilities, railway transport, communication, gasoline, diesel fuel and coal Figure 33. Contribution of its Components to Inflation, YoY Fuel&lubricants Fruits&vegetables Non‐food products excl. fuel&lubricants Non‐regulated services Regulated services Foodstuffs excl.fruits&vegetables Inflation pp 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 2016 3 4 5 6 2017 Source: CS MNE RK, NBRK’s calculations Figure 34. Price Changes in the Industry by Types of Economic Activities, YoY Mining industry Manufacturing Electricity supply Water supply Producer price index 50 40 30 20 10 0 4 5 6 7 8 2016 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 2017 Source: CS MNE RK Inflation Report | The Second Quarter of 2017 5 6
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