Islamic Principles of Management: An Islamic perspective for sustainable organization practices

Transcription

1. Term Paper on Islamic Principles of Management : an Islamic perspective for Sustainable Organization Practices Submitted to Centre for Management Studies Jamia Millia Islamia In partial fulfilment of the requirements of Ph.D. Course Work Batch Feb - Oct 2019 Submitted by Md Arshad Warsi 18IPDMS116 under the supervision of Dr. Saiyed Wajid Ali Associate Professor, CMS, JMI
2. I . Title: Islamic Principles of Management: an Islamic perspective for Sustainable Organization Practices
3. II . Introduction The concepts of conventional management are not absolute and perfect. Besides, western world were not the first to present their theories and models of management. Islam, being a complete code of life, presented its concepts of management for the humanity more than 1400 years ago. Unfortunately, its teaching, especially related to business are not highlighted and propagated as it should be. Owing to the reasons the world, even Muslim world, is unable to reap the fruits of these teachings. This paper is an attempt to highlight the Islamic principles of management. Islam is a code of life but unfortunately it is considered as merely a collection of some rituals. It is misunderstood by even those who are the followers of this religion (Branine, 2001)]. It is something beyond religion, a system of governing the lives and behaviors of human beings. It has a socio-economic and political effect besides the mutual relations of individual (Metcalf, 2007). The need is to implement its ideas and philosophies as for as business organizations are concerned. Why the need of Islamic Management Principles? 1. Divine Guidance and the life of Prophet Muhammad(pbuh): Allah(swt) says in Quran: “Indeed this Quran guides to the path which is clearer and straighter than any other”. (Surah Bani Israel, Verse 9) “….. We have revealed to you the book which clarifies every matter” (Surah An-Nahl, Verse 89) These two verses from the Holy Quran clearly specifies that Quran guides to such a path which is clearer and straighter than any other religion, idea or institution because of the fact that It is from The Creator and not the creations. (Maududi,Tafheem ul Quran, 2005) Secondly, it also specifies that Islam is a code of conduct under the guidance and principles set by the Creator for the creations which clarifies every matter either individual or organizational, social, economical or political, each and every matter is clarified through Quran. (Maududi,Tafheem ul Quran, 2005).
4. Abu Sa ’id reported: The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “the honest and trustworthy merchant will be with the prophets, the truthful, and the martyrs.” (Al-Tirmidhi, 1209). The importance of an honest and trustworthy believing merchant can be determined with the above hadith as the Prophets, the truthful and the martyrs are those among the most beloved in the eyes of Allah. It is also to be noted that the people of Hazrat Shoeb Alaihis Salam were punished due to their excessive dishonesty, mischief, treachery and deceit while dealing in trade and businesses. Thus it is clear that Islam has guidance in organizing and managing the businesses and organizations too, which can be termed as Islamic Management. Since the guidance is from Quran and Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), the management based upon the principles of Islam is the ideal way of management. 2. Deteriorating condition of conventional principles of Management The cases of fraud, corruption, bribery, deceit in organization culture either public or private are increasing exponentially.(Business today, Nov. 2015, updated 2017). Mental health issues, depression among employees all over the world are at peak. (ET Contributors, 2018). Crimes of sexual harassment and abuses are unimaginable.(Business news daily, 2017). The worsening conditions of the organizations under the control of conventional western principles of management as well as the state and administrations working under the man-made principles full of flaws need a serious transformation for establishing justice, equity and peace in the society in general and business organizations in particular. The Islamic principle of management is the ideal way out under the guidance of divine book of Allah i.e Quran and through the life of the ideal man on the face of earth (Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him). The most important part of the Islamic principles guiding in management and all other spheres is that it is not just confined to this temporary world, but to the next eternal world too. 3. Best Motivation (Pleasure of Allah): For any organization/firm, motivation of employees is one among the most important factors of the profitability of the organization. The western and capitalistic thinkers of the management
5. field have been researching for the better motivation of their employees for last many decades , but the reality is that the rate of stress and depression among employees have been increasing at a rapid rate as discussed above. The reason of it is very much connected with the idea of motivation. Any idea or theory which is terminating and limited to a particular field and for a particular time cannot motivate and satisfy people/employees on the longer run. All the conventional ideas are limited and terminating and that too based completely upon materialistic pleasures which are for just a certain period of time. However, the one who has firm believe in Allah and Islam works and performs each and every activity for the pleasure of Allah which is non-terminating and non-limited with an eternal idea of Akhirah (hereafter) understanding that the rewards of his good works if not get in this world, will surely get in the life hereafter. 4. Growing interest of Academics The growing interest of academics in novel topics such as management and spirituality, management and religiosity, and management from the perspectives of divine religions is an important factor pointing toward the need of a text elaborating Islamic Management principles. 5. The Staggering Growth of Islam as a Religion The key statistics for local authority in England and Wales have released the 2011 census5 indicating that the number of Muslims increased the most (from 3.0% to 4.8%). There were increases in the other main religious group categories as well. However, within a market this exacerbation simply implies that there are more Muslims in the market—to buy from, to sell to, to communicate with, to employ, and to be employed for. Using contemporary management (CM) terminology, the growth in numbers of Muslim consumers would mean increase in the size of market segments. The larger a market segment size, the more vigilant companies need to be in looking after the needs of these. This makes it prudent for a conventional organization to familiarize itself with the IM principles in practice, so as to be able to understand both the market and the customer; their associated values and principles.
6. 6 . The Good Old: Globalization This is the Islamic business environment. Within this new business environment is a large Muslim populace that constitutes around 20% of the world population and like any community is very much part of the global market place. Interestingly, Muslims are not just inhabitants of Muslim states only; a recent survey shows that one-fifth or 300 million Muslims, of the world’s Muslim population, live in countries where Islam is not the majority religion (The Pew Forum, 2009, p.1). For instance, China is home to more Muslims than Syria, more Muslims live in Russia than Jordan and Libya combined, and India has the third largest population of Muslims worldwide (The Pew Forum, 2009, p.1). The case would’ve been much simpler if Muslim populace concentration was only found in Muslim states, since this would mean the reigning bylaws are Islamic but because socialist and secular states would have business regulations that suit its own systems this is a unique situation. In countries other than Muslim states, organizations need guidance on how to accommodate the religious practices of employees. This drives the understanding that the need to be aware of the underlying principles driving Islamic Management is unquestionable.
7. Islamic Framework to achieve sustainable development and shared prosperity
8. III . Conceptual Framework Knowledge, Understanding and practices of Islamic Principles Ethics of Business and Management Islamic Marketing, Advertisement & Promotional tools Pleasure of Allah Organizational Behavior Human Resources Trust in organization Financial Management (Ethico-Metaphysical Objective)
9. IV . Literature Review Business Ethics Umme Salma (2014) states that as humans engage in work, encountering ethical issues is not scarce. The ethical system from an Islamic perspective is different in its very foundation from the western contemporary ethical system that does not take into account the role of religiosity in defining ethics. Comparison of Islamic ethical perspective and the alternate ethical system Ethical system Meaning in conventional system Islamic Ethical Perspective Utilitarian system Calculates costs versus benefits, that is, an act is deemed morally correct and right if the net benefits over costs (greatest good) are greatest for the majority (greatest number). Islam does not serve the interest or benefit of a specific subject involved; instead any dilemma is resolved using the set of rules from the Holy Quran, prophet’s sayings, and Sunnah, and is not affected by the quantity of beneficiaries. Individualism view of ethics Fundamentally serves one’s long-term self-interests. If one’s self-interests are aligned with Allah’s commands, then this is the way a decision should be made; however, if it JUST serves one’s own ego, this is certainly unacceptable. Moral-rights view Protects the fundamental rights of ethics of all people, for example, employees’ rights, free speech, health and safety, and so forth. covers just a minor section of Islamic business ethics (IBE). Hence it can be treated as a component of IBE only so long as rights of the employees are those approved by the Islamic laws (the superset as defined in Figure 1). Justice view of ethics Certainly fair and impartial treatment is a universal set of “right” behavior; however, the main concern is the set of legal rules. The benchmark set of standards needs to be the Islamic standards that should be the superset.. Fair and impartial treatment of people according to legal rules and standards.
10. Figure1 Islamic Legislation (Superset) Islamic Business Ethics (Subset) Holistic Approach of Islamic Principles Abbasi et al (2010) have presented an Islamic principle based model called Holistic approach. Holistic approach means looking at the whole organization, system, people and culture. Holistic approach views how everything fits together to work effectively and efficiently. Holistic management approach gives more than the sum of individual approaches. Before proceeding to the holistic approach to management, it is imperative to build organizational environment on components of Islamic value system for successful implementation of Islamic management model. These components of Islamic value system provide knowledge and practices in establishing a holistic approach to organizational management. Participatory approach Participatory approach is consulted in affairs (of moment). (al - Qur’ n 3:159). Consultation has abundant value in Islam (Daryabadi, 1998). It is evident that if it is ordered to Hazrat Muhammad (SAW), then how much importance will it have on others. Jabnoun (1994) stated that participative management is the continuous involvement of people in decision
11. making . Participatory management means that every member has input and influence over the decisions that affect the organization. Participatory management improves the effectiveness and capacity of an organization (Bartle, 2008). It is a culture rather than a program. Participatory approach is known as Shura in Islam. It is stated in al-Qur’ n that the believers who will be rewarded in the hereafter are those who conduct their affairs with Shura or consultation. Such are those who hearken to their Lord, establish regular prayer, conduct their affairs by mutual ‘consultation’ and spend out of what is bestowed on them for ‘sustenance’ (al - Qur’ n 42:38). Consultation has been declared as the best quality of believers. On this basis, consultation is the basic pillar of Islamic way of life (Maud di, 2005d). Systems approach The term ‘system’ is derived from the Greek word ‘synistanai’ which means ‘to bring together or combine’. The first pillar of systems approach is that one should consider the organization as a whole (Jabnoun, 1994). This can be better explained by the following saying of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). “The believers are like one man. if his head is in pain, his whole body suffers and if his eye is in pain, his whole body suffers” (Sahih Bukhari). Contingency approach No one can precisely predict the future. Therefore, no matter how good forecasting methods are, it is important to plan for alternative events or for uncertainties. Further, even if the forecast is correct, the plan might not be fully feasible; therefore, alternative plans must be in place (Jabnoun, 1994). This can be illustrated at its micro level by the following verses of the Al-Quran: “Ramadan is the (month) in which the Qur’ n was sent down as a guide to mankind and also clear (signs) for guidance and judgment (between right and wrong). So every one of you who is present (at his home) during that month should spend it in fasting, but if any one is ill or on a journey, the prescribed period (should be made up) by days later. Allah intends every facility for you and does not want to put you to difficulties. (He wants you) to complete the prescribed period and to glorify Him in that He has guided you and perchance, ye shall be grateful (AlQuran 2:185).”
12. Consistency approach To achieve consistent success goal-oriented individuals must work effectively as a team . When team members share a common purpose and persevere with patience, they consistently perform at a higher level. "Peace unto you for that ye persevered in patience! Now, how excellent is the final Home!" (Al Quran 13:2) Angels will greet those people that persevered in patience and tell them that they are now secured and away from every hardship, danger, worry and distress (Maududi, 2005b). “Those who patiently persevere will truly receive a reward without measure!" (Al- Qur’ n 39:10) Islamic Concept of Marketing Hashim and Hamza (2013) argues that Islam viewed commerce as a vital source for a person to make a living as long as the process is in parallel with Islamic teachings pertaining to the proper ways of doing business. Notably, Allah SWT destined Prophet Muhammad SAW to be a successful businessman before his prophetic life (Antonio, 2007; Trim, 2009). Since Islam is a Muslims’ way of life, the marketing code of conduct should be guided by the Quran and Hadith, which are the two main reference sources for Muslims in order to be successful in their lives and the hereafter. The marketers play a critical role in delivering products and services to keep pace with the sophisticated customer’s expectation. Consequently, companies are expected to deliver their products and services in a morally acceptable way. Therefore, Islamic marketing provided an avenue for the implementation of a morally acceptable way of marketing. Islam is a comprehensive way of life which provide rules for everything including commercial activities (Arham, 2010). On this regard, Allah SWT states the issues through one of the Quranic verse which is as follows: O you who believe! Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it to be a trade amongst you, by mutual consent. And do not kill yourselves (nor kill one another). Surely, Allah is Most Merciful to you (Quran 4:29). In particular, Islamic marketing could be potentially significant in contemporary commercial activities.
13. Promotional Tools Anwar and Saeed (1996) put forward the Qur'anic view about man and his resources should be the basis for designing promotional tools and media strategies. It is meant to inculcate Islamic values, build the characters of customers and marketers, and uphold truth in the society. Ethical behavior in advertising and other promotional activities must be based on a strong foundation of Islamic tenets and injunctions. Islamic injunctions for the various Promotional tools like Advertising, Public Relations, Personal Selling, Games and Contests, Sales Promotions etc. have been provided. Authors further argue that Promotions are justified on the basis of Islam's support for trading activities. Permissibility of and encouragement for trading is evident in the following verses of the Qur'an: "Allah hath permitted trade and forbidden riba" (2:275); "0 believers, do not eat each other's property by wrong means, but let there be amongst you trade and business through mutual goodwill" (4:29); "When prayer is finished then disperse through the land in order to seek the bounty of Allah. " (62: 10). Since the ultimate aim of all promotional tools is to enhance trading, activities like advertising, PR, sales promotions, and contests are Islamic if they are consistent with Islamic principles and injunctions. Firms are, therefore, justified in spending reasonably on promotional activities with a view to informing consumers, who are entitled to know the exact qualities, quantities, and value of products on the market. Islamic Management Practices From an Islamic perspective, the four functions of management namely, planning, organising, leading, and controlling, are interconnected with decision-making and involve the use of human, financial and physical resources as well as information; these are all intimately connected with maqasid al-shariah (objectives of shariah), by means of effective and efficient methods (Othman, 2010). Abdullah and Ishaq (2012) have presented the key functions of management like Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling with respect to the Islamic perspective of management. Islam stresses on cooperation and the sense of collectiveness among the employer and the
14. Employees , as in fact, religion cannot be practiced in isolation as they realize the business objectives and goals. Islam provides comprehension and guidance for people to make meaningful use of the resources and to protect them from wrongdoings. These are the objectives in the teachings of Islam which provide the framework of justice, dignity and benevolence (Jabnoun, 1994: 21). Planning: The Quran says, “But of mankind there are some who say: Our Lord! Give us your bounties in this world and for such there will be no portion in the Hereafter. And of them there are some who say: Our Lord! Give us in this world that is good and in the Hereafter that is good, and save us from the torment of the Fire” (Quran, 2: 200-201). The process of planning indeed ensures successful implementation and positive results. From an Islamic point of view, comprehensive planning not only encompasses strategic thinking but more importantly putting trust in Allah (swt) while hoping for happiness and success in the outcome of the business undertakings. Organizing: The author says that organising from the Islamic perspective includes the aspects of managing mutual relationship in a system of authority, responsibility and accountability. The proper coordination of these functions may assist in executing decisions that may eventually allow managers to seek Allah’s pleasure. Leading: In the Islamic management model, leaders have to surrender their authority to the instructions consecrated in the Quran and Sunnah. Authority is the power to command, give orders, make decisions and exact obedience. In the proposed model, leaders agree to forgo such privileges to the instructions of Islam. This surrender inculcates three important elements in corporate leadership: humility, responsibility and accountability. Humility here refers to the attitude of not being proud and always seeking God’s help to communicate the message clearly and with confidence to the people. That is what Prophet Musa (as) did as mentioned in the Quran (Quran, 20: 24-25). Responsibility is the force that binds the courses of action demanded by the leadership position. Leaders should know their responsibilities, their targets, what they need to do to get which rewards and what the consequences would be if they make mistakes.
15. Controlling : Controlling from the position of Islam is more effective as it minimizes the cost of the actual controlling activity as a devoted Muslim worker will be very much aware of the concept of reward and punishment in Islam. With the belief that Allah (swt) is ever watching their performance, it will inadvertently prevent them from committing or covering any mistakes. Rafiki and A.Wahab(2014) views that the involvement of Islam in business and management has been explained in detail. All of these influences of Islamic practices on an organization aims at achieving al-falah (success in this world and the hereafter). This, therefore, negates the notion that Islam does not emphasize commercial activities or that it is unrelated to any of the organizational behaviors. Some studies on Islamic management practices in various countries are depicted in Table below. Serial Islamic Management Practices Authors No. 1. Ethics & social responsibility management in Beekun (1997); Ahmad (1996); Hanafi and Sultan (1995); Gambling and Karim (1991); Al Habshi and Ghazali (1994) 2. Organisational behavior Shareef (1995); Al-Alwani (1995) 3. Leadership in organisations Beekun and Badawi (2004); Ezzati (1982); Shirazi (1980) 4. Motivation in organisations Abdel Rahman (1995); Sharfuddin (1995); Ahmad (1995). 5. Human resource management Ali (2005); Aghazadeh (2003); Tayeb (1997); Ramzan (1992); Beekun (1997). 6. Organisational communication Siddiqui (1988) 7. Quality management Sadeq and Israil (1996) 8. Mutual consultation, advice, conflict Ahmad (2006); Beekun (2006); Ali resolution, work satisfaction, merit (2005); Sharfuddin (1987).
16. system in recruitment and promotion , mutual trust (management and employees) and the use of control and authority 9. Self-management, managing people, Moursi (1995), Al-Jeraisi(2015) managing business transactions, and managing time 10. 11. Planning, collectivism, leading, Jabnoun (1994); Al-Buraey (1990); Abu competition and conflicts Sin (1981) Strategic Management Khalifa (2001), Ahmad and Rodrigue (2013) Junaid and Anwar’s (2009) exploration into the behavioral science foundations for Organization Development. Earlier, Rahman and Al-Buraey (1995) make a significant contribution by their work on organizational controls and performance evaluation. Later works show a movement towards the quantitative aspects of management an example of which could be the work of Abul Hasan Muhammad Sadeq and AlKhaliq (1996), which is in the area of contemporary interest of quality management. Jabnoun(1994), has tried to enhance the field of management by weaving into the discipline, concepts and principles of Islam. He has linked the long term objectives and organizational actions in an excellent way explaining how planning is linked to the actual execution of strategies to accomplish desired ends. Leadership is presented as a service to those individuals being led. He has provided a model of the concepts being presented. An important point being made is that Islam commends conflicts as a means of checks and balances along with discussions of the causes, consequences and management of conflict. In order to achieve the ideal management, one must be concern with the development of individuals which later help develop the organisation and society. Tawhid, being the main principle in Islamic management help to shape current practice by reflecting the idea of true submission and devotion to Allah in His commandments. Aim, objectives and procedure must reflect submission and devotion towards pleasing Allah which simultaneously promote goodness and prevent evil. Individuals have to work at his best to develop the skills and ability to achieve
17. good performance in the company using the articulation of Islamic principles . In contract, practices in conventional management which based their values from rationale have result in clear separation between private matter and public domain. Religious activities, spiritual values and needs are regarded as separate and should not be mixed together, hindering human growth. Work is never associated with religious values and one must not bring norms and behaviour of private lives into workplace. (Sulaiman, et. al., 2014). V. Research Gap The Researches being done in the field of Islamic Management till date are purely theoretical and none of it’s part have been implemented in any organization as a whole, not even in Middle Eastern countries (Branine 2007). A major reason of this gap is due to the fact that the management concept all over the world is purely based upon materialism. Another factor of the gap is that there has not been any model based work which encompasses all the aspects of the management like Organizational behaviour, HR, Marketing, Finance etc. Though few works explain the basic principles of Islamic Management and its incompatibility with the conventional concept, but they haven’t been able to relate the current and the real organizational scenarios with the Islamic concept. Along with the principles, the practical problems being faced in the conventional system of management should be compared with the solutions provided by the Islamic Principles while dealing with the specific cases so as to provide the practicality of the solution in dealing with the problems of contemporary principles. Most of the studies on Islamic principles of Management have been based upon the qualitative analysis and secondary data sources which have limited it to the theoretical research circles. It is much needed to work and analyze on its quantitative aspects by visiting the organizations and companies, making them aware about it and knowing their acceptability. The primary data needs to be collected from different organizations in regards to the Islamic principles of management which can be further be analyzed empirically and thus the practical implications of the researches can be seen.
18. Though the employees , employers and directors of the organizations are associated with some religion or ideology, they have been unaware of the Islamic Principles in regard to management because of the fact that the conventional principles of business and management have separated the belief and work as the only purpose of it has been confined to materialistic gain, ignoring the value maximization. Hence, a model based research work is needed to be done on the principle of Islamic management qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Hence, a model based upon Islamic principle of management needs to be established so that it can be regarded as an example before the society. Future studies on Islamic marketing should be aggressively embarked with the objective to bind together the various discrete knowledge of Islamic business practices and to establish its importance and acceptance in the society. VI. Research Methodology The existing literature of Islam i.e Quran and Hadith has been mainly used as a standard for every step of the research. The evidences from this literature have been used to compare the conventional management system with the Islamic Principles of Management as well as to explain the significance of Islam on organizational work behaviour, Human Resource as well as Marketing activities. This is a Conceptual Report and Interpretative type of paper where secondary data sources from various related papers have been collected through various journals, magazines and books. These data has been analyzed to relate with the topic of the paper and provide an overview for the application of Islamic Principles of Management in the market as well as inside the organizations. Various evidences have been presented from the literature to highlight the differences between conventional and Islamic principles of management. Other evidences from literature also stresses upon the various aspects of Management like ethics, Human resource, Marketing, Promotional tools, sustainability factor of the Islamic Principles in management.
19. VII . Conclusion & Further Recommendations 1. Islam is merely not a religion of few rituals, rather It is a complete revolution, a way of life based upon the commandments of Allah i.e Quran and Sunnah of beloved Prophet Muhammad Peace be upon him which guides mankind in all the spheres of life either is social, economical or political at individual as well as organizational level. 2. Quran and the life of Prophet Muhammad PBUH show the way to practice business and management in an ideal way. 3. There is complete contradiction between the principles of Conventional and Islamic Management. Conventional Western Management is purely based upon materialism and wealth maximization, While Islamic Management is based upon Taqwa(the fear of Allah), Seeking pleasure of Allah, Accountability to Allah on the day of judgment, Justice (Adl), Ihsaan, Shoora (consultation) and Morality. However, there may be certain commonness between the two on few aspects but not on the principles. 4. In present, No much practical work has been done as per the Islamic principles of Management, not even in Muslim and Arab countries. The organizations at every level in Middle-Eastern Countries are also being operated according to the western principles of management and thus there is no any Islamic based model to be presented before the organizations. 5. The Islamic principles provide best ways to every part of the Management like Organizational behavior, Human Resource Management, Financial Management, Economy, Marketing and Business Ethics. A lot of work at research as well as practical level needs to be done in all the fields of management to establish an ideal management principle in the business. 6. An organizational model needs to be implemented purely based upon the Islamic principles of management so as to achieve and run a highly effective and adaptive form of business organization.
20. 7 . Islamic management demands justice and welfare for all humanity as all man are created by God. However, as new methods and fast digi Internets are invented daily, business organisations require innovations to deal with global problems of the people whether producers and/or consumers. Islam requires us to understand the organisation, the stake holders, employers, partners, customers and the environment. 8. Furthermore, Islamic management is involved with a comprehensive, efficient and effective management of all goods and services not only answerable to share holders as in traditional management but also to society, the Muslims as well as the non-Muslims, to the environment and to God. The running of the business management has to take into considerations of other aspects neglected by conventional management such as paying zakat or compulsory charity to certain groups of people mentioned in the Quran.
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