ملحق ب - مستند الأحكام الشرعية

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1. ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺑﻘﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺣﻜﺎﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺧﻮﺓ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ‪ :‬ﱹ ‪> = < ; : 9‬‬ ‫? @ ‪ A‬ﱸ)‪ ،(١‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻭﺭﺩﻱ‪) :‬ﺃﺧﺒﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺒﻴﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻨﻜﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻓﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺇﺑﺎﺣﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻉ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘ ﹶﻌ ﱠﻘ ﹾﺒﻪ ﹲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻪ()‪.(٢‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺦ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﻩ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻫﺮﻳﺮﺓ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ ﻗﺎﻝ‪» :‬ﻻ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻓﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺼﻞ«)‪.(٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﻩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪) :‬ﺃﻥ ﺭﺳــﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﷺ ﺳــﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴــﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﺿ ﱠﻤﺮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻴــﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺪﻫﺎ ﺛﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺩﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳــﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﹸﻀﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺑﻨﻲ ﺯﺭﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﻦ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻬﺎ()‪.(٤‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗ ﱠ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﹸﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﺲ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ ﻧﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺴــﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﺒﺎﺀ‬ ‫)‪(١‬‬ ‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫)‪(٣‬‬ ‫)‪(٤‬‬ ‫‪.١٧‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻵﻳﺔ‪١٧ :‬‬ ‫‪..١٨٠‬‬ ‫‪١٨٠/١٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻭﺭﺩﻱ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‪١٥ ،‬‬ ‫‪.٢٥٧٤‬‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻮ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ‪.٢٥٧٤‬‬ ‫‪.١٨٧٠‬‬ ‫‪ ،،٢٧١٥‬ﻭﻣﺴﻠﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪١٨٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٧١٥ ،،٤١٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪٤١٠‬‬ ‫‪١٢٩٨‬‬
2. ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺋﺰ‬ ‫‪((٥٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﺭﻗﻢ ))‪٥٥‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺠﺎﺀ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻌﻮﺩ ﻓﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺮﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫»ﺣﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ«)‪.(١‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﹸﺭﻭﻱ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﺋﺸــﺔ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﷺ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻟﺖ‪ :‬ﻓﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻪ ﻓﺴــﺒﻘﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺟﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺘﻪ ﻓﺴﺒﻘﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫»ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻘﺔ«)‪.(٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺋﺰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻞ«‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺴ ﹶﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ‪» :‬ﻻ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻓﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺼﻞ«‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﹸﻌﻄﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴــﺒﺎﻕ؛ ﻓﻔﻲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﷺ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸــﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺑﻘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (١‬ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪.٢٧١٧‬‬ ‫‪.٢٧١٧‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢‬ﺃﺑﻮ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴــﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ٢٥٧٨‬ﻭﺍﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﺟﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪..١٩٧٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺏ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪١٩٧٩‬‬ ‫‪١٢٩٩‬‬